Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biology - Essay Example Darwin observed that, in the preservation of favored individual and races, there is constantly recurrent struggle for existence. Consequently, more individuals are born than there is the warranty for survival. This determines the individuals going to die and those going to survive. This also determines the species to increase in number and species that would decrease in number and eventually become extinct. Also in face of competition, those individual species that are strong or have an advantage are more likely to have the subsequent offspring’s. Darwin theory of natural selection can be said to be confusing. The arguments based on this theory are actually confusing and sometimes misleading. Firstly, there is confusion on whether living forms have, or have no evolutionary origin. Secondly, Darwin suggestion that natural selection is the main factor of evolution may not be true. These two themes as found in Darwin book are confusing and above all misleading when discussed toge ther. Before Darwin work, most people believed in theory of creation. Darwin work on science changed this and is incompatible with creation theory. This led to most people to view scientist as atheist (Mille and Loon 130-142). Exam 3 (Q #2) Aristotle indeed is one of the ancient scientists. Aristotle work demonstrated scientific ideas, which proved worth at the time. However, not a modern biologist Aristotle fits in the description of a great biologist. This is obvious as he tries to explain various biological phenomenon using scientific ideas of the time. Aristotle work had many biological facts and he followed methods before jumping into conclusion. Aristotle stressed on importance of methods in scientific knowledge. Aristotle effort can be deduced from grouping of both plant and animal kingdom. Von Linne work still had the basis of Aristotle work. Therefore, Von Linne was also a true scientist based on description of living things. Species and genera are an important concept and a basis of biology. Linne ensured there was proper identification of plant and animal based in classification of both into genera and species. Binomial nomenclature used until today was Von Linne effort and therefore deserves full credit in science. Taxonomy is an important branch in biology and simplification of taxonomy by Von Linne was important to classification and identification of plant and animals. Lamarck contribution to evolution was also great. His work revolved around the theory of inheritance. LaMark idea on continuity of species was crucial to biological development. Species diversity was also part of Lamarck ideas as to development of species. Lamarck work though with discrepancies was a benefit to the naturalist on one important problem in the whole range of biological thought. These people would still be scientist today, the only limitations they had was lack of material and equipment that exist today. Exam 3 (Q #3) The sole purpose of science is to explain and desc ribe all what surrounds us. The aim of science is to unearth the mystery of the world and tries to give meaning to worldly things and occurrences. Science does not believe in ambiguity and claims there is a reason for something existence. Science does not believe in ignorance of nature and the natural world. Science give meaning to trend of the world and foretell what is likely to happen or take place in future. Science is also a source of hope to the world and helps in

Engagement In Classroom Participation Education Essay

Engagement In Classroom Participation Education Essay Participation usually means students speaking in class: answer and ask questions, make comments, and join in discussions. Students who do not participate in those ways mentioned above are often considered to be passive and are generally penalized when participation is graded (Jacob chase, 1992). Participation in classroom: To engage the students in Participation in a classroom is an important method of teaching. It provides the students opportunity to receive input from fellow students, to apply their knowledge and to enhance public speaking skills. From the Participation of teachers can get a more accurate idea that what is the understanding level of students about the concept being taught (Maznevski 1996). Engagement in classroom participation: Engagement within the learning environment generally refers to the relationship between the learner and the content or topic being pursued. While the highest levels of engagement are seen when the learner is passionate about the topic, significant levels of engagement can be achieved through a variety strategies that actively involve the learner in activities and environments that make learning both interesting and challenging. Engagement with content leads to higher levels of learning (Whelan, C.1997). Our experience reveals that for many students class participation is a big problem. Teachers often complain about students passive behavior in class participation. But up till now there has been a very little research into the promotion of class participation. But studies have been conducted in social scial sciences and business studies (e.g., Egan 1996, Hyde Ruth 2002, Litz 2003). More often low self-esteem, anxiety, and general lack of confidence is considered responsible for students non-participation in the classroom (Kennedy, 1997; Thomson, 2001). Student Participation: Lack of participation could be due to multiple factors. My first thought was that students reluctance could be due to lack of understanding, but it could very well be that he does not feel connected to the curriculum; he cannot relate to it. Students who are empowered by their school experiences develop ability, confidence, and motivation to succeed academically. They participate competently in instruction as a result of having developed a confident cultural identity as well as appropriate school-based knowledge and interactional structures (Cummins, 1983). Active learning Bonwell, C.C., and J. A. Eison (1991) suggest that Active learning is generally defined as any instructional method that engages students in the learning process. Active learning requires students to do meaningful learning activities and think about what they are doing. The core elements of active learning are student activity and engagement in the learning process. Adopting instructional practices that engage students in the learning process is the defining feature of active learning. The importance of student engagement is widely accepted and there is considerable evidence to support the effectiveness of student engagement on a broad range of learning outcomes. Importance of language: Language is a mean of communication by which human beings express their feelings, emotions and fulfill their needs. According to Tariq Rehman, 1996: Language is a coin and what it buys in the market is power. Higher status and attractive jobs are attached with English language. The demand for learning a language is linked to empowerment. So English language is promoted in university education, so that the students can attain their goals. But this prevailing of language in higher education is not as simple as it seems because all the students have diverse demographics which do not equally support the speaking of English in classroom. The language barrier becomes an additional hurdle in students classroom participation. kachru (1992 pp.66-67) found that poor pronunciation and Accent problem stops many students to participate in classroom discussion. Kachru, (1995) points out majority of Asian students study through the medium of English but they are not proficient enough in English and reflect their regional varities of English while speaking. Sociolinguistics view of language: Sociolinguists are of the view that individual differences in oral communication among students are dependent upon social variables like age, status, ethnicity, gender etc. when students step in classroom, their pattern of language is already influenced by these factors (Scott, 1995). In he earlier studies, students communicative competence was considered as an important set of rules by learning these rules they can comprehend and participate in classroom context. If the student fulfills the specific requirements about language use, he can communicate effectively with class fellows and teachers. If they dont comprehend the class room communication system their learning is affected and they learn comparatively less. Due to language problem they participate passively in classroom activities. Difference between home language and classroom language also reflect upon development of students communicative competence. If these both languages are identical somehow, students are motivated to learn literacy events taken place in classroom (Morrow, 1993;Â  van Kleeck, 1990, 1995, 1998;Â  van Kleeck Schuele, 1987;Â  Whitehurst Lonigan, 1998). Vygotskys social constructivist theory played a major role in language learning theories. He is of the views that all learning is socially integrated. Motivation: The process of learning begins when an individual faces various social situations. These situations provide certain type of experience to the individual as the nature of the situation, which further enables the individual to behave in a certain way. All of these social situations give some sort if instigation, which act as motives and drivers for the individual. These motives and drives may be evident in the form of behavior of the individual concerned. Such kind of behavior undertakes the purposes which are indirectly dominated by the drives and motives. Therefore, a motive may be said as the base of the behavior of the individual, which works as internal factor to make individual behave in the desired direction. A motive is an internal factor that arouses, direct and integrates a persons behavior. It is not observed directly but inferred from his behavior or simply assumed to exist in order to explain his behavior (Marry, 1964, p.7). These motives not only describe the desired goal but also the role of the individuals in the concerning social situation. This undertakes individuals social as well as psychological condition. Motivation is a general term used to refer to any arousal of an individual to goal-directed behavior. The term motivation when applied to human is a Social-psychological concept and motivation cannot be considered apart from the individuals conception of himself, his social status and roles, and the existence of society and culture which define situations and appropriate and desirable behavior. (Theodorson and Theodorsm 1969, p.26) Motivatin participation: Studies have linked motivation and participation to students achievement (Eccles Wigfield, 2002). Students who gave importance to learning the material and have greater expectancy to be successful in a course are more likely to achieve at higher levels (Wigfield Eccles, 2000).Learners with a more positive attitude towards lifelong learning tend to be more persistent, more self-directed, and more self-confident (de la Harpe Radloff, 2000). They efficiently use cognitive strategies to maximize their learning (Zimmerman Martinez-Pons, 1992). Achievement Motivation: Achievement motivation is an important determinant of aspiration, effort and persistence when an individual expects that his performance will be evaluated in relation to some standard of excellence (Sill 1972, p. 27). Relationship between Performance and Achievement motivation: Atkinson and Connor (1966) conducted a study to find out the relationship between the task performance of students and the strength of their achievement motivation. The texture of the study revealed that the students with stronger motives to achieve success and avoid failure show greater performance for difficult risks and more efficient and faster tasks performance for difficult risks and efficient and faster tasks performance than those who had relatively weak motive to achieve success and avoid failure. The finding of this study suggests that stronger achievement motives determine the degree of the performance of the individuals which struggling to achieve their certain desired goals In the same token (Atkinson, OConner. 1996). Achievement goal theory: Various kinds of purposes of students towards participating in class room activities are based on their sentiments, thinking, performance and attainment according to achievement goal theory (Midgley, 2002; Ames, 1992). Most of the researchers emphasized on two major types of goals: Mastery goal: it enhances competence in the students. Performance goal: it concentrates on acting upon that competence. Both of these goals may be attained through the personal goal of the students (Urdan 1997; Kaplan, Middleton, Urdan, Midgley, 2002). Personal Goals The competence of the students might be improved through their personal goal and that competence is based on their own prior performance instead of the others (Maehr, 1984; Ames, 1992; Nicholls, 1989). Kaplan et al., (2002) argue that students of full devotion for the sake of being proficient in some specific skills may show their mastery goal. Both performance-approach goals and performance-avoid goals are ultimately depend on students personal goal (Skaalvik, 1997; Middleton Midgley, 1997). Diligence, attempts and efficacy beliefs are related with performance approach goal. However, refusal from participating in class room for the sake of achieving some tasks is often linked to performance-avoid goals (Elliot, McGregor, Gable, 1999; Kaplan et al., 2002; Urdan, Ryan, Anderman, Gheen, 2002). Adopting difficult tasks, good learning strategies, questing for something at the time of need, positive behaviour according to various tasks and fascinating class room atmosphere are the good consequences which could be attained through mastery goals ( Ames, 1992; Urdan, 1997; Kaplan et al., 2002). Classroom Goal Structures: Ames (1992) stated that according to goal theory, class room, the nature of the students and their beliefs may affect the motivational factor of the students. Class rooms with more performance- focused may put negative impact on students than that of a normal class room. Negative results may include various types of cheating and different kind of misbehavior in the classrooms (Kaplan et al., 2002; Turner et al., 2002; Urdan et al., 2002). Multiple Goals Students may have multiple goals along with other various types of goals as some researchers have noticed this in different ways. This is compound of different sorts of personal goals and it is therefore, called multiple goals. A few researchers indicated that multiple goals may have positive or negative effect as well (Meece Holt, 1993; Pintrich, 2000; Wentzel, 1991) Teacher Instruction and Achievement Goal Structures: The students perceive their goal structures according to the instructions of their teachers (Ames, 1992). Different teachers give instructions according to their vision. Middle class teachers detail their students according to their knowledge and in the same manners teachers of all classes motivate and direct their students in their own way. Turner et al., (1998) gave a brilliant idea about motivation of the students that what teacher says and in which manner, is main pillar among students to be motivated. The Association between Personal and Environmental Factors Covertly or overtly, the motivation of the students depends upon their behaviour as individuals as they treat in the classroom whether they obey the instructions or demonstrate ignorantly (e.g., Elliot et al., 1999; Pintrich, 2000; Patrick, Ryan, Pintrich, 1999). Most of the researches try to inquire in learning process in the class room but they seldom effort for knowing the atmosphere of interaction among students that how much differently they behave in the same classroom (Patrick et al., 2001; Turner et al., 1998, 2002 ) Aspect of person-in-context undertakes the responsibility to know how individuals and environments influence on each other (Lemos, 2001; Vauras, Salonen ; Magnusson Stattin,1998). Socio-cultural theories are used to assay the process of children being socialized in the classroom and in the systems of meanings along with the way they try to take these meanings by their own as well (Brown Campione, 1994). ` According to Rogoff, (1990), pint of view, the child and social world are essencial for each other. Factors affecting students participation in the class and suggestions as well: More of the students appear to have an inactive role in the class room participation (Weaver Qi, 2005). Synthesis, evaluation, analysis and application are the more important things which are to be developed during class room participation (Tinto, 1997); (ACER, 2008). Weaver Qi (2005) argues that in large class room size, most of the students maintain their secrecy as well and have less opportunity to participate in the class room activities. The power of the instructor (Howard Baird, 2000), gender and the age discrimination of the pupils (Howard, James Taylor, 2002), the cognitive level towards class room(Chung, 2000;Tinto 1997) and also the sentiments of the students (Chung, 2000;Howard et al., 2002) are such factors which have significant influence on the interaction amongst students in the class room. The societal behaviour of students and teachers as well has a great effect on class room participation (Weaver and Qi (2005). The students get frightened by the instructor and lose their confidence to participate in different kind of activities in the class room (Dallimore, Hertenstein Platt, 2004;Chung, 2000). To lessen the gap among students and teachers and to provide student-friendly atmosphere enhance the degree of participation in various activities in the class (Weaver Qi, 2005; Auster MacRone, 1994). It means, the more the social links among student-teacher and among student-student, the more student-centered atmosphere there will be. The participation in the class room increases the reasoning of the students, critical thinking and creativity skills in them as well. (Tinto, 2002; Foster et al., 2009; Wilson Fowler, 2005). The best learning environment and participation could be increased through demolishing the factors like uncertainty and anxiety in the class room (Sim, 2006). McInnis (2001) suggested that the participation of the students could be increased in the class room through redesigning our curriculum and different types of courses in a significant manner which may prove a mile stone in engaging different groups of students with one another. Tinto (1997), related class room with academic and social interchange and by keeping this point of in mind, even a lay man can propose the idea of producing the social links among students with other students and with teachers also. Confidence Classroom participation: The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines confidence as the mental attitude of trusting in or relying on; firm trust, reliance, faith, assured expectation, assurance arising from reliance (on oneself, circumstances, etc.). In the literature on the topic, confidence has been defined as a trait (Bernstein et al, 1994; McKinney, 1960) and as a situationally specific concept (Brodie, Reeve Whittaker, 1995; Champion, 1993). Confidence is assuredness in oneself and in ones capabilities (Erwin Kelly, 1985, p.395). In relation to social interaction it has been defined by Manning Ray (1993) as calmness and assertiveness during social interaction (p.180). Manning Ray (1993) found confidence as being the opposite of shyness and as situational. Some researchers referred to self- efficacy as confidence (Wanberg, Watt Rumsey, 1996) whereas, Bandura, originator of the term self-efficacy wrote in 1997, that confidence and self- efficacy are not the same. Confidence has been thought to be part of self-esteem or to be synonymous with the concept of self-esteem (Wells Marwell, 1976), whereas Coopersmith (1967) argued that self-confidence was a term used to describe the subjective state of self-esteem and reported that an individual who expresses negative attitudes towards himself thereby indicates that he has little confidence in his abilities to deal effectively with the events that confront him. Lawrence (1999) defined self-esteem as confidence writing confidence is self-esteem in practice and has two aspects: Confidence in abilities Confidence in personality Owens (1993) viewed self-esteem as being comprised of general self-confidence and general self-deprecation; he explained general self-confidence in terms of positive self-evaluation. Indeed, this lack of confidence (DFES, 2002, p.1) on the part of large numbers of students was considered specifically in recent policy documents concerned with the drive to enhance basic skills. It is, certainly, a crucial factor in learning at all levels. Reisenberger (2002) suggests that although there are still situational and institutional barriers for students participation in the classroom to be overcome more attention need to be directed towards dispositional barriers, particularly factors linked to learners confidence. Students feel shyness when they are asked to take part in classroom (Fassinger 1995; CELT 1998). Sometimes students show lack of confidence because of the fear that they may seem unintelligent to their fellows and teachers while answering the questions or presenting their point of view on an assigned topic and so they feel it comfortable to remain silent (CELT, 1998). Thsee issues can sometimes be traced to a lack of participation by students (Howard Henney 1998). Many research work indicates that although the individual learner can affect his/her own level of confidence, tutors, peers, mentors and workplace supervisors can help increase the learners confidence by providing support, encouragement, and constructive feedback. Such learning support needs to unpack meanings of confidence in task-specific contexts in order to overcome particular dispositional barriers. Self confidence: The students who feel shy and hesitate to ask the various questions in the class are assumed to have lower level of achievement motivation. Whereas those who do not feel this kind if hesitation are expected to have higher level of achievement motivation Students Personality Type and Attitudes towards Classroom Participation: Personality is one of the affective factors that are equally important for explaining differential success among students. Extroversion is linked with risk-taking; introversion is considered under the concept of self-esteem (Brown, 2000). Passive students: mean who do take part in class room activities frequently are often punished by the teachers. Overtly or covertly, their being passive in the class could be either because of their personality. Personality is two types as following: Extrovert Introvert These types of personality affect classroom participation according to the situation. Personality is also more important for learning process. Extrovert personality is linked with risk-taking where as introvert is associated with self-esteem. (Brown, 2000) Similarly, Galvan and Fukada (1997/1998) put forth their experience of avoidance from participation in student-centered classroom because of personality factor. They also concluded that extroverts participated in the classroom more than introverts. Often students of introvert personality couldnt raise even a single question. Extroverts are more interactive than that of introvert students in class room because introverts like to have few friends in the class but extroverts keep on enhancing their company (Myers, 1962). Introverts often fail to achieve the norms of the academic requirements due to less participation in classroom (Barrett Connot, 1986) as Carskadon (1978) concluded that extroverts, though have few thoughts, they act more than that of introverts who have more thinking power but act less than extroverts. Myers (1962), suggests that extroverts tend to prefer learning situations that afford interaction, while introverts tend to prefer small groups. Galvan and Fukada (1997/1998) found that extrovert students participated more than introverts. The participants who self-reported as having passive learners were least likely to initiate a question or volunteer an answer to a teachers question. Additionally, knowledge of personal preferences can help teachers and administrators understand and predict student performance so they can restructure the situation to facilitate more student participation. Barrett and Connot (1986) found that introvert learners do not get involved in classroom activi ties and have lower academic achievement. Extrovert students usually produce more action with fewer thoughts whereas introvert students produce various thoughts with little action (Carskadon, 1978). Constructivism of theory of classroom learning: Constructivism theory of learning and knowledge emphasis upon the learners active participation in constructing his own knowledge (Anderson, 1987; Jonassen, 1995; Resnick 1983, 1987; Schauble, 1990; von Glasersfeld, 1989, 1992). Constructivists consider that knowledge is gained when a learner uses his prior knowledge to understand the new information. So knowledge can be enhanced by instruction or guidance of teacher, but it is not a direct outcome of teachers instruction. As the construction of knowledge is dependant upon the prior knowledge of student, so all students get the understanding from teachers lecture according to his existing level of knowledge. Social constructivist perspective: Knowledge is socially constructed through collaborative efforts made by human beings (Brown, Collins Duguid, 1989; Cole, 1985; 1-lewson, Kerby Cook, 1995; Lave, 1988; Vygotsky, 1978). Knowledge can not be gained or a new concept is difficult to understand without its social context. Classroom factors: Tha construction of knowledge is also affected by classroom environment factors (Garner, 1990). A new concept is well understood by interaction with fellow students and teacher in classroom. Student Self-regulation of classroom behavior: Self-regulation of cognition and behavior is an important aspect of student learning and academic performance in the classroom context (Corno Mandinach, 1983; Corno Rohrkemper, 1985). There are a variety of definitions of self-regulated learning, but three components seem especially important for classroom performance. First, self-regulated learning includes students metacognitive strategies for planning, monitoring, and modifying their cognition (e.g., Brown, Bransford, Campione, Ferrara, 1983; Corno, 1986; Zimmerman Pons, 1986, 1988). Students management and control of their effort on classroom academic tasks has been proposed as another important component. For example, capable students who persist at a difficult task or block out distractors (i.e., noisy classmates) maintain their cognitive engagement in the task, enabling them to perform better (Corno, 1986; Corno Rohrkemper, 1985). A third important aspect of self-regulated learning that some researchers have included in their conceptualization is the actual cognitive strategies that students use to learn, remember, and understand the material (Corno Mandinach, 1983; Zimmerman Pons, 1986, 1988). Knowledge of cognitive and meta-cognitive strategies is not sufficient to promote learners achievement; they also must be motivated to use the strategies as well as regulate their cognition and effort (Paris, Lipson, Wixson, 1983; Pintrich, 1988, 1989; Pintrich, Cross, Kozma, McKeachie, 1986). There are some classroom tasks that can motivate the students (cf., Corno Rohrkemper, 1985; Malone, 1981), it is also evident to suggest that students perceptions of the classroom and their individual motivational orientations and beliefs about learning are relevant to cognitive engagement and classroom participation and performance (e.g., Ames Archer, 1988; Nolen, 1988). General expectancy-value model of motivation (cf., Eccles, 1983; Pintrich, 1988, 1989): This model presents three motivational components linked to the three different components of self-regulated learning. An expectancy component, which includes students beliefs about their ability to perform a task in the classroom: The research suggests that students who believe they are capable engage in more metacognition, use more cognitive strategies, and are more likely to persist at a task than students who do not believe they can perform the task (e.g., Fincham Cain, 1986; Paris Oka, 1986; Schunk, 1985). A value component, which includes students goals and beliefs about the importance and interest of the task: It includes students goals for the task and their beliefs about the importance and interest of the task. This motivational component essentially concerns students reasons for doing a task. The study recommends that students with a motivational orientation involving goals of mastery, learning, and challenge, as well as beliefs that the task is interesting and important, will participate in more meta-cognitive activity, more cognitive strategy use, and more effective effort management (e.g., Ames Archer, 1988; Dweck Elliott, 1983; Eccles, 1983; Meece, Blumenfeld, Hoyle, 1988; Nolen, 1988; Paris Oka, 1986). An affective component, which includes students emotional reactions to the task: It deals with students affective or emotional reactions to the task. There are a number of affective reactions that might be relevant (e.g., anger, pride, guilt), but in a classroom learning context one of the most important seems to be test anxiety (Wigfield Eccles, 1989). Effect of Socio-economic factor on classroom participation: Socioeconomic status is positively correlated with both educational attainment and achievement. The higher the students socioeconomic status, the greater his or her educational accomplishment is likely to be. The national Longitudinal Studies revealed several direct positive relationships between educational success (classroom participation) and socioeconomic status. One such relationship was found between the students socioeconomic statuses and their scores on various standardized tests administered as part of the study. One each test students from successively higher socioeconomic categories got better mean scores. Students come to college/university with variety of talents and handicaps that predispose them to towards academic success or failure and as they move through academic institute they continue to be influenced by these factors and others that are beyond the control of educational institutions. Family background and classroom participation: Students position in college and society are determined in large parts by their family background. Coleman (1996) and Jencks (1972) found that one-half to two third of student achievement variance is directly related to home variables such as socioeconomic level (Greenwood and Hickman, 1991, p. 287). Some home environment factors that influence student achievement include social class of family, early home environment, parenting style, type of mother child interaction, effect of the mother working, parent involvement in school decisions and activities, family and student aspirations, and the number of children in the family (Rubin and Borgers, 1991). The more children in the family, the less time parents interact with each child. Family and students aspirations for the future are another aspect of the influence of class, racial, or ethnic background. Parents who set high standards and have high aspirations for their children are more likely to have high-achieving children. James Coleman and colleagues found that black and white seniors had comparable aspirations; the difference was in taking the necessary steps to carry out their goals. Black students felt that they had less control over their environment and left their fate to luck and chance (coleman et al., 19666), though many lower-class black mothers find multiple strategies to encourage their childrens academic achievement (Rosier, 1993). Educational and social class background and classroom participation: Educational and social class background is the most important factor in determining differences between students. In fact, Jencks findings indicate that family background accounts for more than one-half of the variation other in educational attainment. Regardless of the measure used -occupation, income, parent education-family socioeconomic status is a powerful predictor of academic performance. Children succeed in large part because of their family background and what parents do to support their children in their education. Parenting style and parental expectations play a crucial role in setting the child, educational agenda. Guidelines about after school and weekend activities, television watching, home- work and other school- related decisions give the child structure and help the child set goals (Dornbush and Ritter 1992; lee, Dedrick and Smith,1991). One of the most important ingredients in a childs success in school is the degree of what parental activities help or harm childs school achievement. Involvement of parents is shaped by their social financial resources, their opportunities to be involved, and their own orientation towards education. Cultural effect on classroom participation: Difference in cultural background does also have effect on perceptions about classroom participation. Japanese students show long silence in interpersonal dealings and protection of face in classroom as well (Winbush 1995). Chu Kim (1999) found that Vietnamese students prefer to be right than to initiate the discussion. According to Chu Kin (1990) Concept of classroom participation among Asian students is different than other students. They consider the class participation just as answering the questions not to interact actively with fellow students and to pose questions. They are reluctant to comment on fellows presentations. They always prefer one-sided feedback from the teacher rather than from whole class critique. Dunphy (1998) found that western universities have their own social conventions that are not familiar to overseas students. Their social conventions also include the rules for classroom participation. Parents involvement in

hit and run :: essays research papers

It’s like I’m dead. But I’m not, I guess I’m just dead to my surroundings or everyone is just trying to make me feel that way. I walk through the crowed halls at my school, no one turns a head, no one smiles, it’s like I’m walking through a bunch of ghosts, or am I really the ghost? There are so many questions that I try to answer in the back of my head while I’m taking these steps to home room. Everyone usually feels sorry for the person who has no friends or is considered a freak. Not in my case, no one ever talks to me, so I never talk to them. I am what you would consider a nobody, a freak, a loner. Yet really I’m none of those, because no one even knows my name. People call it the New Year, a new year to change things you don’t like about yourself. Yet it’s really hard for me to do that, because I don’t even think I know myself. All I know is that I go to school get good grades, except in math, run cross country, go home, wash my hands, do my homework, and lay in bed, I never actually fall asleep. My parents say I have a problem, a mental one. I say it’s because I’m related to them. They’ll never understand me, and I’ll never understand them, that’s just the way it’s going to be. They have to deal with it, even if they say they can’t. JANUARY 2, 2007 I’m hesitating. I can’t feel a thing. I took something this morning. I can’t tell a soul, even though there is no one to tell. I look down the hall to first period. Seems like there’s three miles between me and the door, like I’m running a race. Breath I tell myself, just breath, stop thinking, just breath. I’ve made it, to my destination, if you call it a destination in itself. The school day is such a blur to me, nothing merely interesting. Same thing everyday, no one speaks to me, no one looks at me, nothing. My eyes hurt; I’m staring too hard at something, or someone in that matter. The only good thing about being ignored is that you can do stuff and people won’t notice but if you were normal, people would notice in a minute.

Margaret Thatcher’s “Charter Schools”

In the United States, primary and secondary public school education, undergoes continual monitoring and discussion by government leaders, educators, and parents. According to a survey, by the National Assessment of Educational Progress, in 1994, 39 percent of fourth graders, 37 percent of eighth graders and 36 percent of twelfth graders, scored below average, on basic skills assessment tests, in the United States ( Finn, Ravitch 22-24 ). News coverage also tends to continuously broadcast that the United States lags behind global peers in pre-college education. For this reason, parents, governments and educators are constantly searching for new ways to improve, and overcome learning obstacles, in education. One of the new concepts emerging is the charter school. In the United States, the charter school was modeled after Margaret Thatcher's idea of a public school operating independently, while being funded by grants. A similar concept currently exists, for all public education, in New Zealand ( Finn et al. 48-52 ). In 1992, after the first charter law was passed, Minnesota opened City Academy, based on this concept. The charter focused on recruiting and teaching high school drop-outs ( Buechler 60-63 ). All charter schools, including this first one, are based on certain guidelines. Charters are created by normal citizens desiring to fill a specific need in their area, or to implement a new teaching method. The administration and teaching operate independently from most local school board rules, and funds are used only within the charter school. Any business, parent, teacher or group may apply to open a charter, provided they are not religiously affiliated or a private school already. A charter need only to submit paperwork outlining a curriculum, sponsor, and a place of operation, plus the goals they expect in their students. Local or state school boards then have the option to approve or disapprove of the charter. If the charter idea is accepted, the charter may begin recruitment of students. A contract written and signed between the charter and the school board usually lasts a few years and its renewal is based on positive results or goals achieved. There are also certain laws dealing with charters. A charter must be tuition free and open and free of any discrimination to all children in the district ( Olson Art. 64 ). Charters are almost entirely funded by state and national monies, which normally follow a student to their public school. The money instead will follow the student to his or her chosen charter. Charters are also sometimes funded by private individuals or companies. Arizona ammended their charter school law to create a one million dollar start-up fund. Most states do not provide start-up fees which cover building rental, supplies, teachers and administration, before children arrive at their doors. This creates a hardship for most charters when they first open and prevents others from ever opening (Buechler 60-63 ). As of February 1997, five hundred charter schools operated nationwide, offtering a variety of different curriculums ( â€Å"Schools† 27-28 ). In New Jersey, by creating a public boarding prepatory school, educators devised a way to begin to reach children in their teen years, at risk for dropping out of school. School director Gary T. Reece states, † We've created a safe haven here where kids can risk caring about school without suffering for it†(Cohen 16 ). The teens live in an area where schools are crowded and crime is high. ( Cohen 13 ) In Boston, three types of charters are operating within the city. City on a Hill established for high school students, adds a twist in its curriculum, by creating city hall type debates involving the students. The teens become comfortable with public speaking at a time when they usually avoid it. Another high school named Renaissance, has 205 days in the school year, plus uses integrated teaching within all the classes. Lastly, is an elementary school named Neighborhood House. This school teaches one subject within another. A writing assignment may deal with science or science may be created in art class ( â€Å"Schools† 27-28 ). Add to these examples, charters which stress technology, basic academics, smaller classes, discipline, on-line teaching, home study, whole language, afrocentism, back-to- basics, and those that cater to high-school drop-outs and gifted students. Some charters also partner with zoos, museums, businesses, unions, or community groups ( Buechler 60-63 ) . As a Principal of Harriet Tubman Village School Charter, Roger Sciarretta states, â€Å"The only thing consistent about charter schools is that they're all different. â€Å"Each one has it's own flavor and style† ( Anderson 1A+ ) . In Florida, the Charter School law was adopted in 1996 and as of the 1997-98 school year, thirty-three were operating statewide ( Saunders ). As to why it took till 1996, Betty Golzendorf, D-Jacksonville said, â€Å"If Florida is going to start Charter Schools, then they should be the best Charter Schools in the country† ( Patterson B-1 ). Charters in Florida receive 52,000 dollars as a start-up fee, to help alleviate some of the difficulties before admitting students. Charters also can apply for any funds the government grants for low income or disabilities ( MacDonald ). Ninety-five percent of student fees, usually received by a district, follow the charter student to their selected charter ( Pendleton B-1 ). Before accepting students, a Florida charter must be approved by the local school board, and if denied, may appeal to the State Board of Education ( Saunders ). A Florida charter may be created by groups of citizens, teachers, individuals or legal entities. Private schools and religious organizations are barred from forming a charter school. The charter must also, be open to all children, and follow health, safety, welfare and civil rights laws. Each district is allowed so many charters according to their population. If a district has 100,000 or more people, they may have seven charters established per year. A population of 50,000- 100,000 may create five charters per year. Populations under 50,000 people are allowed three charters per year. (Pendleton B-1 ). In Duval County, five charter schools are currently open, and all are geared towards helping middle school children. Radar Schools focuses on behavior, academics, and truancy. The Police Athletic League is housing and supporting the school (Saunders). Daniel Payne Academy stresses technological curriculum for sixth graders, two years behind grade level . The students receive individual testing, with a focus on building self-esteem and discipline. The students are also required to wear uniforms, and parental involvement is encouraged (Desmon A-1 ). Daniel Payne Academy, School of Success Academy and Empowering Young Minds, all must deal with raising student test scores to meet the Duval County Average of a 49 percentile in reading and 50 percentile in math. Because these schools focus on children in middle school that are behind grade level academically their students averages are below the county average (MacDonald ). In their creation, charters were not meant to replace the public school system. Charter supporters feel that seeking different options for schooling will enhance the current public school system. This in turn, will boost the academic standing in our nation, placing us alongside our foreign counterparts.

Data communications system Essay

1.Message. 2.Sender 3.Receiver. 4.Transmission medium. 5.Protocol. Q1-11) Why are protocols needed? To achieve end-to-end delivery of data. Q-17) Explain the difference between an Internet draft and a proposed standard? – An Internet draft is a working document (a work inprogress) with no official status and a six- month lifetime. – A proposed standard is elevated to draft standard status after atleast two successful independent and interoperable implementations. Q2-5) A host communicates with another host using the TCP/IP protocol suite. What is the unit of data sent or received at each of the following layers? a. application layer:Message b. network layer:Datagram c. data-link layer:Frame Q2-12) When we say that the transport layer multiplexes and demultiplexes application layer messages, do we mean that a transport-layer protocol can combine several messages from the application layer in one packet? Explain. The TCP/IP protocol suite uses several protocols at some layers, we can say that we have multiplexing at the source and demultiplexing at the destination. Multiplexing in this case means that a protocol at a layer can encapsulate a packet from several next-higher layer protocols (one at a time); demultiplexing means that a protocol can decapsulate and deliver a packet to several next-higher layer protocols (one at a time). To be able to multiplex and demultiplex, a protocol needs to have a field in its header to identify to which protocol the encapsulated packets belong. At the transport layer, either UDP or TCP can accept a message from several application-layerprotocols. At the network layer, IP can accept a segment from TCP or a user datagram from UDP. IP can also accept a packet from other protocols such as ICMP, IGMP, and so on. At the data-link layer, a frame may carry the payload coming from IP or other protocols such as ARP. P1-4) For each of the following four networks, discuss the consequences if a  connection fails. a. Five devices arranged in a mesh topology. It Will not failed b. Five devices arranged in a star topology (not counting the hub). It Will not failed c. Five devices arranged in a bus topology. It will failed d. Five devices arranged in a ring topology. It will failed P2-11) Protocol layering can be found in many aspects of our lives such as air travelling. Imagine you make a round-trip to spend some time on vacation at a resort. You need to go through some processes at your city airport before flying.You also need to go through some processes when you arrive at the resort airport. Show the protocol layering for the round trip using some layers such as baggage checking/claiming, boarding/unboarding, takeoff/landing. 1-Print your boarding pass and check your luggage. 2-Head to security. 3-Find your gate/terminal. 4- Hang out and wait for your plane. 5-Wait for the announcement to board. 6-Get your boarding pass checked. 7-Enter the aircraft. 8-Stow your carry-on items. 9- Get settled in.

Reflection and Inspiration †Creative Writing

Reflection and Inspiration – Creative Writing Free Online Research Papers Reflection and Inspiration Creative Writing An unexamined life is not worth living.- Socrates. Consciously or unconsciously, I have followed this belief throughout my life because I derive the meaning to be essential to mature and to fully experience life. I believe maturity and growth are directly related to reflecting on and learning from past experiences. Life is like a game of chess; if you do not look back and see why you lost the game you will never develop into a better chess player from that loss. To grow as a person, I have to be honest with myself and to examine where I come from, where I am now, and where I want to go. It is also important to know my capabilities, my limitations, and have the wisdom to accept them. I like to understand my mistakes, have the courage to learn from them and then to continue forward. As I have grown through high school, I have realized that I have experienced a period of complacency. Looking back and reflecting on what I could have done, I realize that complacency in this stage of my life did not serve me well. I consider myself a rolling stone; someone who is always in process of change and growth and has yet to find a place settle, if settling is even possible along the way. As a master chess player having played nearly a thousand games in my lifetime, I keep thinking, considering, and analyzing. I do not become passive and, even when I do not win, I am urged to use the lesson to my next level of play. My desire to attend college is the flame that lights the way to down the tunnel and into the landscape of new adventures. I want to know more about myself and take risks when circumstances allow for this. When a situation presents itself, I become very analytical and thoughtful to find the necessary grain of possibility to further develop my personality. It is very much like the somewhat instinctive chess moves I make when I encounter a series of plays I have witnessed in the past. I sense a possibility out there which generates an ambitious force within me that sets my mind to focus on something I want and pushes me towards to attaining my goal. Thinking back at my last games of chess, I review each move that led to checkmate to smaller steps with my pawn along the way. Each is significant toward the end goal. Reflecting back through my life, I realize that each one made me who I am today. My quest to understand and grow from my experiences has made me who I am today. Philosophical inquiry and academic passion are the source of my drive and inspiration. Research Papers on Reflection and Inspiration - Creative WritingThe Hockey GameComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoStandardized TestingBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThree Concepts of PsychodynamicOpen Architechture a white paper

Hemingway’s Writing Style Essay Essays

Hemingway’s Writing Style Essay Essays Hemingway’s Writing Style Essay Essay Hemingway’s Writing Style Essay Essay From about the beginning of his composing calling. Hemingway’s typical manner occasioned a great trade of remark and contention. Basically. his manner is simple. direct. and undecorated. likely as a consequence of his early newspaper preparation. He avoids the adjectival whenever possible. but because he is a maestro at conveying emotion without the flowery prose of his Victorian novelist predecessors. the consequence is far more revealing. In Observations on the Style of Ernest Hemingway. from â€Å"Contexts of Criticism† by Harry Levin ( Harvard University Press. 1957 ) . the critic says: â€Å"Hemingway puts his accent on nouns because. among other parts of address. they come closest to things. Stringing them along by agencies of concurrences. he approximates the existent flow of experience. † Hemingway has frequently been described as a maestro of duologue. and most readers agree. upon being foremost introduced to his authorship. that â€Å"this is the manner these characters would truly speak. † It is interesting to observe. nevertheless. that Hemingway’s one effort at playwriting was a failure. Actually. a close scrutiny of his duologue will uncover that this is seldom the manner people truly talk. The consequence is accomplished. instead. by the deliberate accent and repeat which makes us retrieve what has been said. Since the critics can non wholly hold on Hemingway’s manner. possibly the best manner is to set it into the author’s ain words. Shortly before his tragic decease. Hemingway gave to the Wisdom Foundation in California a aggregation of his observations on life and art. love and decease. They were published in the January 1963. issue of Playboy magazine. and in them Hemingway said of his authorship: I do most of my work in my caput. I neer begin to compose until my thoughts are in order. Frequently I recite transitions of duologue as it is being written ; the ear is a good censor. I neer set down a sentence on paper until I have it so expressed that it will be clear to anyone. Yet. I sometimes think that my manner is implicative instead than direct. The reader must frequently utilize his imaginativeness or lose the most elusive portion of my ideas. I take great strivings with my work. pruning and revising with a indefatigable manus. I have the public assistance of my creative activities really much at bosom. I cut them with infinite attention. and buff them until they become brilliants. What many another author would be content to go forth in monolithic proportions. I polish into a bantam treasure. Hemingway goes on at some length. but the kernel of what he says may be in this paragraph: A writer’s manner should be direct and personal. his imagination rich and crude. and his words simple and vigorous. The greatest authors have the gift of superb brevity. are difficult workers. diligent bookmans and competent stylists. To explicate Hemingway’s manner adequately in a few paragraphs is impossible. Tonss of articles. and even some books. have been written on the topic. and it is to these that the serious pupil should travel for extra. more elaborate information.

Understanding the Italian Present Subjunctive Tense

Understanding the Italian Present Subjunctive Tense Language is fluid, and its usage is constantly changing. A case in point is the subjunctive (il congiuntivo), which in English is rapidly becoming extinct. Phrases like I suggest you go home immediately and Robert wishes that you open the window are not frequently used anymore. In Italian, though, the subjunctive tense is alive and flourishing, both in speaking and writing. Rather than stating facts, it expresses doubt, possibility, uncertainty, or personal feelings. It can also express emotion, desire, or suggestions. Subjunctive Tense Phrases Typical phrases that call for the subjunctive tense include: Credo che... (I believe that...)Suppongo che... (I suppose that...)Immagino che... (I imagine that...)È necessario che... (It is necessary that...)Mi piace che... (Id like that...)Non vale la pena che... (Its not worth it that...)Non suggerisco che... (Im not suggesting that...)Puà ² darsi che... (Its possible that...)Penso che... (I think that...)Non sono certo che... (Im not sure that...)È probabile che... (It is probable that...)Ho limpressione che... (I have the impression that...) Certain verbs such as suggerire (to suggest), sperare (to hope), desiderare (to wish), and insistere (to insist) require use of the subjunctive. The table below provides examples of three regular Italian verbs (one of each class) conjugated in the present subjunctive tense. CONJUGATING ITALIAN VERBS IN THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE PARLARE FREMERE CAPIRE io parli frema capisca tu parli frema capisca lui, lei, Lei parli frema capisca noi parliamo fremiamo capiamo voi parliate fremiate capiate loro, Loro parlino fremano capiscano Conjugating the Present Subjunctive Tense The present subjunctive is the verb form of the Italian language in the phrase generally used to indicate secondary events seen as real or not objectives (Spero che voi siate sinceri) or not relevant. This verb form is combined by adding to the root of the verb endings provided in Italian grammar in the three conjugations. Since the subjunctive must generally after the conjunction that, this is often repeated. As with the conjugation of the present tense, some verbs of the third conjugation - such verbs incoativi - involving the use of the suffix -isc-: che io finisca, che tu finisca, che egli finisca, che noi finiamo, che voi finiate, che essi finiscano. Almost all irregular shapes can be, by way recipe, derived from the first person of the verb in the present tense: I am of the indication vengo can be formed subjunctive - che io venga (che tu venga, che egli venga, che noi veniamo, che voi veniate, che essi vengano); dallindicativo muoio puà ² essere formato il congiuntivo che io muoia (che tu muoia eccetera); dallindicativo faccio puà ² essere formato congiuntivo che io faccia; similmente: che io dica, vada, esca, voglia, possa eccete.

Ways to Alleviate Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ways to Alleviate Poverty - Essay Example Poverty is found in both the rural and urban settings, however, recent studies have shown that urban poverty is on the rise which could lead to growing inequalities among the people and finally end in conflict. The misconception of poverty stricken people residing in the rural areas that life is better off in the urban regions has only increased urban poverty (United Nations Economic). Considering this fact and also the associated negative effects of poverty such as child abuse and violence, malnutrition, unhealthy living conditions and the increasing informal settlements have resulted in the need to address poverty and provide suitable solutions to alleviate poverty (Leschied; United Nations Economic). There has been an increasing growth in economy over the past years that have given immense opportunity to people to grow. However, it would not be wise to assume that such economic development would benefit every individual living in poverty. The only other means to enhance the living conditions of the poorer sector is through introduction of suitable policies which are aimed at increasing their productivity and employment opportunities, increase investments on the small scale informal sectors where people living in poverty usually find employment, provide better living conditions for the poor and empower the poor population by providing their due social recognition. All this could be achieved through able governance with the help of other non-governmental organizations and the community as a whole. Those living under poverty have found immense employment opportunities in some informal working sector and the public and private sector companies will have to learn from the informal sectors about providing opportunities to the lower-income population. In order to increase job opportunities to the poor, the labor regulations imposed by the government should be aimed at maintaining the security provided to the existing employees. Another vital factor that would incre ase the employment of the poor is provision of adequate access to education, especially for girls, by which the literacy rate and access to employment can be attained among the poverty stricken population. In addition, investments to increase the capital of the informal working sector that employs people living in poverty should be expanded in order to provide better wages to the employees and thereby improve their living conditions. Additionally the government will also have to regularly review the regulations and procedures that are required for the operation of these informal sectors. Examples of such investments and regulatory changes have been the expansion of social collateral for the informal sector and the provision of land security for shops and workshops in the informal sector. Urban agriculture can also provide employment options for the poor sector and thus help in poverty reduction. The poor should also have banking access as it would alleviate their need to depend upon moneylenders and help them with their savings and loan requirements. Such facilities will enhance the self-confidence of the poor to start their own ventures thus paving the way for their development. In addition, if the housing needs of the poor are taken care by the government by the introduction of a security measure for their land tenure, it would help them to better their living conditions as they would not have to live with the constant fear of vacating the informal settlements. In addition, the government should also ensure that all the settlements have basic amenities such as water supply, drainage facilities, proper sanitation, good roads and power

Eonomic Signals and Cost-Benefit Analysis in Macroeconomics Essay - 1

Eonomic Signals and Cost-Benefit Analysis in Macroeconomics - Essay Example By analyzing the economic data and associated signals, business analysts are able to forecast and predict the future options and take decisions accordingly. Different business and economic analysts look and monitor different economic indicators according to their own requirements and needs. TYPES OF ECONOMIC SIGNALS USED BY ANALYSTS: These signals which are derived from the economic data can be categorized as direct signals or indirect signals. The direct signals are easy to interpret and relate with the economic condition. Whereas, the indirect or casual signals are used by the economic and business analyst in order to predict the indirect impact of macroeconomic indicator on the economic condition in future. This difference of direct and indirect signals can be explained with the help of an example. The economic reports about the increased GDP and growth in different commodities results in directly influencing the value of the currency and the investors in turn can make profits fro m it. The indirect signals which can be derived from the predictions about the increased GDP and economic growth, as a result of which the traders of currency indulge in buying more currency in anticipation of future growth in the currency value and making profits. MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RETAIL SALES DATA AND INTERPRETATION OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SIGNALS: The data of retail sales is generally used by different economic analysts in order to predict the amount of the personal or consumer consumption on different physical goods. Personal consumption is one of the four major components of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and directly reflects the economic condition of any country. Sometimes, economic analysts also use the data of retail sales in place of the consumer consumption in the calculation of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), if actual data about consumer consumption is not available (Rogers, 4). In reference to the analysis of the business conditions, the increase in the ret ail sales clearly indicates the increase in the purchasing power of the consumers along with the increasing demand of the physical products. The retailers and manufacturers can take in turn predict that this increase in the retail sales will ultimately increase the price and in response to this the supply of the products increases in order to reap more benefits. All these factors will contribute in the process of economic growth and development. On the other hand if the retail sales decrease this signals the decrease in the purchasing power of consumers, along with decrease in the demand of the products. Which in turn will put downward pressure on the prices and will reduce the supply of these products. This as a whole will slow down the process of economic growth. Along with this the data about the retail sales can guide the business analysts about the changing demands and needs of the consumers. QUESTION # 2: HENRY HAZLITT CONCEPT OF COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS IN MACROECNOMICS: Henry H azlitt has proposed a whole new idea of economic policies and decisions. He, after second world war, presented in this book ‘Economics in One Lesson’ that the main concept behind all studies and theories of economies is that the analyst and policy makers should keep in mind the long term and larger impacts of any economy policy and not only the short term implications (Rockwell, 7).

Refutation paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Refutation paper - Essay Example It was in 1868 when the text was first translated by John Chalmers, an Englishman, which eventually influenced Western culture. This short text is said to have two parts: The Tao Ching and the Te Ching (Lees, 2011). Because of the style of writing which is poetic in nature, there is a variety of interpretations which are even contradictory. According to Lees (2011), the sacred book is written in classical Chinese which is said to be difficult to understand thus making contradictory interpretations and translations. In Bebell and Fera’s research (2000), they cited that there are over 100 interpretations and adaptations of Lao Tzu’s text today. In the holistic analysis of the research conducted by Bebell and Fera in 2000, it revealed an overall similarity among different translation’s use of central concepts of Tao Te Ching though there are variance both minor and notable among them. The title can be translated literally to mean: Tao can be translated as â€Å"way †, or to mean â€Å"the Way†. ... Thus, it is very important to examine the topic extensively as it is very tricky and invites a lot of criticism. Support or Evidence: If the statements are contradictory, we have to re-evaluate and make sense of everything. To do this, we have to interpret the statements in a Taoist standpoint. There are statements implies that nothing at all can be said about the Tao. A Taoist will definitely declare that Taoist sage will only possess a limited and qualified truth value. Textual evidence that reveals hierarchy of values can be found in Chapter 38 which states that kindness is considered higher value to follow (Allinson, 1994). Allinson’s study (1994) stated that if statements appear to attribute amoral or immoral behaviour to Taoist sage, then the statements must be made from outside the Taoist standpoint. If there is an existence of hierarchy of value, the statements which appear to attribute farther from the Tao must be carefully examined to determine existence of other int erpretation. However, it can be said that there are only few statements that attribute to amoral or immoral behaviour. In short, interpretations must be found to be coherent to the greatest number of statements in the text. Examples of the contradictory statements are the first two in the Tao Te Ching. The first statement states that â€Å"The Tao that can be spoken about is not the constant Tao.† According to Allinson (1994), this statement appears to suggest that the Tao cannot be described. It should be noted that the Tao one is referring and its description are different such that the described Tao is really not the real Tao. The second statement in the Tao Te Ching is â€Å"The

Sterotype Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sterotype Paper - Assignment Example In the modern world, man people especially in the developed countries have ended up being obese or overweight as a result of unhealthy eating habits. This stereotype has negative effects on obese or overweight individuals. This can be considered a negative labeling on these individuals. Stereotyped individuals will always perform poorly in their endeavors when they feel they are being stereotyped. Results from past studies have indicated that individuals experiencing stereotyping are more likely to be violent or hostile. Most of them have been proved to experience from lack of restraint and self-respect. It is also important to posit that individuals who are stereotyped find it very difficult to make effective or appropriate pronouncements in their activities. In addition, stereotyped individuals have been proved to have a higher risk of consuming high amounts of insalubrious types of foods. Even after stereotyping has been negated, the thought that a certain individual or group of i ndividuals was stereotypic will still remain engraved in their minds for a very long time. This may have negative effects towards an individual as his/her confidence in front of others may be affected, s/he may be very uncomfortable and may avoid eating in front of other people as they may harbor certain thoughts that other people may view them in a bad way (National Science Foundation, 2010). Secondly, I have always had a stereotype that all Muslims are over-religious. My stereotype has been due to the fact that, Muslims have to pray every now and then, and they have to pray while facing Mecca. They also pray at distinct positions. In comparison, individuals from other religions do not portray such religiosity as they have to go to church only on Sundays. Attending church service during weekdays is limited to a few individuals. This this may appear as a positive stereotype, it may affect the ability of Muslims around me to perform if they become aware of my feelings. Results from s tudies done in the past have shown that positive stereotypes similarly results or leads to bad feelings and sentiments from individuals who are being stereotyped (Trevan, 2013). Muslims in this cases can feel depersonalize, may be agitated, and develop strong feelings of hate towards those who stereotype them. However, not all Muslims would be agitated by any comment or indication that they are over-religious. There are some who may pretend to be over-religious so that they can be identified and be respected for that. Being stereotypic towards such an individual will make him happy and consequently boost his/her feelings. In other words, if a Muslim around me would become aware of my feelings towards him/her, this would definitely affect individual personality. It is important to consider the fact that a positive stereotype of negative feelings towards other people’s religion produces negative effects or sentiments as the individual being stereotyped automatically becomes awa re of the fact that it is just a matter of time before negative stereotypes are implemented towards him/her (Trevan, 2013). Thirdly, I have a stereotype towards women that they take too long to shower and they always smell good. In the modern world, it is difficult to come across a lady smelling of sweat like many men do. Women are very sensitive about their appearance and will go to great lengths towards

Joseph Nyes Rise of Chana and American Power Coursework

Joseph Nyes Rise of Chana and American Power - Coursework Example In brief, the good relationship dipped since the people of China perceived the recession as a decline of USA and their subsequent rise therefore they ascended to super power position. Absolute decline refers to a situation where there is decay or complete exhaustion while relative decline in its part is where the resources present in another country are used more efficiently and effectively. He mentioned that Asia and China in the past housed close to 70% of world population thereby contributing to the market. In recent years, most of the world population still live in Asia and China yet approximately 20% of world products come from Asia. Thus, it is a return because Asia and China seeks to meet its past contribution to the market by balancing it population and ability. He mentions that too little power like calories is wrong since t can make one to expire or perish. On the other hand, too much power does not represent goodness just like calories in human

College of Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

College of Policing - Essay Example If the College of Policing exploits its mandate and optimally committed to the realization of various roles as stipulated in the policy framework forming it, then there are so much to expect in terms of realizing the police professionalization and modernization agenda in policing. According to the Home Office, the governmental department in charge of policing and policing reforms is the College of Policing which will ensure that it safeguards public interest develops policing standards and also establish evidence of best policing practices (Home Office, 2012). It is from these duties that emphasis is seen to be in service delivery and a customer-centred approach to service delivery is to be adopted. These are the pillars of modernized policing. The need to step up best policing practices is quite prominent in these specified roles. It is important to note that the negative perception and lack of confidence in the police and by extension its systems in the UK have had the very little optimism of ever being redeemed. This tarnished image goes back decades and improving the image will require â€Å"less talk and more actions†. The institution has suffered from numerous allegations, ranging from lawlessness and its disregard for human rights to several other adverse claims. Take for instance the 1989 Hillsborough disaster where the police have been accused of not conducting themselves properly. It is alleged that testimonies were altered and reports indicate that quite a good number of those who died could have been saved. Compare this with the recent allegations made by the police watchdog that

Joseph Nyes Rise of Chana and American Power Coursework

Joseph Nyes Rise of Chana and American Power - Coursework Example In brief, the good relationship dipped since the people of China perceived the recession as a decline of USA and their subsequent rise therefore they ascended to super power position. Absolute decline refers to a situation where there is decay or complete exhaustion while relative decline in its part is where the resources present in another country are used more efficiently and effectively. He mentioned that Asia and China in the past housed close to 70% of world population thereby contributing to the market. In recent years, most of the world population still live in Asia and China yet approximately 20% of world products come from Asia. Thus, it is a return because Asia and China seeks to meet its past contribution to the market by balancing it population and ability. He mentions that too little power like calories is wrong since t can make one to expire or perish. On the other hand, too much power does not represent goodness just like calories in human

The Role of Testing of Employees as it Relates to the Selection Research Paper

The Role of Testing of Employees as it Relates to the Selection Process - Research Paper Example   According to Garrett, use of personality testing in the hiring process helps an employer select the best employees that fit his or her organization. Generally, Garret maintains that if personality testing is performed effectively, it can very well enable an employer to select the suitable workers that best suit the given type of work (Garrett, 2006). Additionally, pre-employment testing plays a very important role in selection as it helps reduce chances of an employer hiring a potentially dangerous person, a poor performer, and/or a criminally inclined worker. While statistics cite that, the traditional methods of hiring such as reference checks and interviews are still vital, they are largely subjective. However, with the standardized personality testing, benefits are recurrent as this process adds an objective instrument that when utilized to the maximum, it can help do away with or minimize cases of bias in the process of hiring (Gerald, 1993). Personality tests are variable. As such, they are able to give a great variety of results believed to be inaccurate when other modes of employee selection are used. Personality testing plays a major role in determining the respective form and content of a principal employee. In pre-employment testing, an employer gets a fundamental opportunity to test employee skills, integrity, handwriting, intelligence quotients, and other crucial characteristics (Garrett, 2006). These are essential to an employer as they help eliminate undesirable candidates. Furthermore, with personality testing, an employer is able to administer tests that assist in telling an employee is lying by measuring the employee’s honesty, which leads to the predisposition of negative or unruly behaviors such as theft. Indeed, personality testing in employee selection is very vital since it can also help in measuring comparative performance between and among candidates who appear equally considerable and good on paper. Sometimes back, many comp anies used to ignore the role played by psychological factors in an organization. As a result, research findings noted that compensation losses increased by a huge margin due to unreimbursed worker’s costs (Gerald, 1993). This showed that no matter how hard employers stressed on safe work practices, accidents still occurred in the workplace. Nevertheless, with the introduction of personality testing in employee selection, ergonomic analysis point out that risk managers are finding this strategy very effective in ensuring the safe working environment for all employees. As of today, it is turning out that, a huge body of evidence is demonstrating that pre-employment testing or psychological screening is an efficient tool that enables companies to select the best-suited employees for particular jobs. Based on that fact, it is however very important for risk managers to ensure that the administered tests meet the companies established the criterion for selecting the appropriate e mployees (Garrett, 2006). Personality testing helps determine the behavior traits of the job applicants. In general, some behavioral and personality traits of the applicants vary widely.  Ã‚  

Strategic Analysis of Korean Airline

Strategic Analysis of Korean Airline Excellence in Flight, which is their mission to serve operational excellence, service excellence, and innovative excellence. So far, this is the slogan of Korean Air and their main business is air transportation that deals with passenger, cargo, and aircraft maintenance service with cabin crews training service (1969). Firstly, have confidence and affection of customer and offer best service. Secondly, Create wealthy life value and desirable social value as doing moral management. Last, motto is Support creativity of employees and help growth of abilities (2013). As Global Airline, which got the Three Best which are Best Service, Best Reliability, Best Management, Korean Air concentrates its capabilities on internationalization, Knowledge, and E-business by devoting all energies to safety and innovative operation as well as improving its image to strengthen the phase (2013). Although by looking in an internal business aspect from Korean Airline, is currently focusing on the performance of human resource management or system and which had been settled down deeply through Korean Airline organizations culture. The company is focusing on the trust between capital and labor, which brings them to help and rely on each other as family members. The familiar community idea does not only help them to overcome the difficulties but it also gives them the motive of power. Another Human Resource systems based on philosophy is to bring up or level up human resources to lead the era of change. To do so, Korea Air concentrates on educating employees by improving employees capabilities and implanting attachment and devotion to the organization (2010). It is Korean Airs main purpose to make Korean Air become one of the worlds best airlines by these educated employees providing better services. However, this management demands employees sacrifice too much that squeezes the employees without an exception. This may work for a short period of time, but when it works for a long term, the employees would feel tired and have complaints. Adding more information, most Asian countries business structure or the business systems are still maintaining with owners strong belief on the performance, as squeeze management and its the key for the success (2010). It is because the organization only thinks about itself without considering the employees, and there is no time to recharge the employees energies and has no system that lets them express their opinions or thoughts. This proves how the communication is not working well. Since there is no sharing between capital and labor, there have been some problems occurring. Concernment with internal aspect from the current Korean Air s Business Structure, Vertical Structure, has the lack of inadequate Human Resource Management (HRM) system (2013). This kind of businesses structure might occur the misconnection between the each department and misunderstanding one from the others. Specifically this also can be connected to the main fact, which is the lack of communication with Korean Air employees union. Like other companies, Korean Air has their labor union, too. Almost every company in the world has a labor union, which claims employees rights as well as protecting employees opinions. But now this problem has come with a very serious issue in Korean Air. The employees call for their labor union goes against democracy is the procedure how they select a representative. In order to be elected as a union president, the candidate should make a good relationship with not individual employees but other representatives on the board. From the research the representative gains a lot of money during the 3years of representatives time (2013). Therefore, this can be seen as a very appealing job for many people whom having a black heart. Consequently, this can cause a direct affect by having a disconnection between the company and employees because of not equal elections. With by fortune, there has been changing breeze through this matter of undemocratic elections referred to the Korean Airline Workers Union news. What I would like to say at this point is that the number of unions and the form of a certain labor union is nothing more important than their relationship as they can come up with beneficial agreements without any dispute from mutual understandings. To suggest the solutions in details; Firstly, making solid relationships between labor and capital is the main role in order for Korean Air to take a NO.1 market share forward airline companies in their industry field. What Im suggesting for this issue is that new perspective in handling Labor Unions is required to solve this problem. What they need is the middle manager who treats the conflicts between workers and the company to help staff feel being respected. For instance, Southwest Airline, the most successful business case in the airline industry has a certain middle manager that manages less than10 underlings. Their role in the perspective of HRM is a bridge which means the middle managers deliver the complaints to the top manager and provide the inferior workers with counseling. To offer these kinds of services to their internal customers, middle managers are required to take the leadership training once in a year (2010). On other hand, In the case of IBM, they have a firm company culture that the complaints are directly sent to executives and then the executives give back the message including what the reaction will be to the original person of the complaints. Furthermore, making the formal and informal organizations practical is useful. For example, holding a round-table conference between labor and management and a joint labor-management is necessary to understand what another party wants. When these functions are working very well, both parties can derive the responsibility and ownership (2013). Therefore, the performance of management will cause a growing the reputation and popularity of Korean Air. Furthermore, this strategy management made me has an enormous expectation from Korean Air and I also expect in the near future their slogan might include Excellence in Management. Korean Airline SWOT Analysis (S)trengths The Strength of Korean Airline has built up global relationship which calls Sky team. It has alliance with international airlines such as Russian Airlines, Aero Mexico, Air France, KLM, Alitalia, Continental airlines, Czech Airlines, and Delta. Having different types of aircraft can be benefits to provide variety of services for passengers in flight. Korean Airlines has 180 Aircrafts in 2013. In addition, Korean Airlines represent First Place in Cargo part from 2004 until now. As increasing of reputation, more and more people became to use service in Korean Airlines (2008). (W)eaknesses Due to disaster from Guam accident in 1997, Korean Air has negative image as an accident airline. Some people still are afraid the flight with Korean Air. Asiana Airline, which is competitor airline in Korea, has similar flight routes with Korean Air. As a result, it can bring low revenue and income for Korean Air to operate their business. For any big airline, it always has shortage of time and complexity system (2008). (O)pportunities As increasing of globalization, Korean Air has possibilities to expand their business from local to global. The one of outstanding Incheon International Airport, which is ranking number one in the world, in Korea, Korean Air can use as a marketing system to improve its business through this airport (2013). From this, it also has opportunity to grow its more reputation through brand power. They can also still provide more variety of services by using different types of aircraft with Sky team. (T)hreats Korean does not have fuel resource. As changing of economic situation, Korean Air may need to pay more fuel price that can affect business operating. In addition, Labor union can be obstacle when it has different idea with employees (2013). Especially, Pilot union can be representative example. If they decide not to work, Korean will not able to keep their business.

Impact of Music of the Harlem Renaissance Upon the Artists of Today Ess

Impact of Music of the Harlem Renaissance Upon the Artists of Today   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Musicians during the Harlem Renaissance created a style and movement that simply took Americans by storm. Musicians such as Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong have inspired others all over the country. The Renaissance itself was not only an observation of life for African Americans, but it also showed Americans that they have a place in society. All of the musicians, writers, and artists shared a common purpose. This purpose was to create art that reflected the Afro American community. Through this era, African Americans provided themselves with their cultural roots and a promise for a better future. Music in this era was the beginning. It was the beginning of new life for musicians and African Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All types of music require musicians. In the H.R (Harlem Renaissance), there were many who contributed to this new style of music known as jazz. These musicians all have their own style and form. Each of these styles has in some way influenced the evolution of jazz. Louis â€Å"Sachmo† Armstrong is recognized as the most famous trumpet player of this time. His â€Å"hot bop† style was heard in places like the Cotton Club and the Apollo Theatre. Everyone from all over the country would come to see him. Armstrong recorded such works as I’m in the Mood for Love, and You Rascal you (http://library.thinkquest.org/26656/english/music.html). Another famous person during this era was Coleman Hawkins, a saxophone player. Hawkins is recognized as the first great saxophonists of Jazz. His most famous work was a piece named Body and Soul (http://library.thinkquest.org†¦). Hawkins has also recorded with artists such as Thelonious Monk and Duke Ellingt on. Other people such as Bessie Smith, Josephine Baker, Duke Ellington, and â€Å"Dizzie† Gillespie have also made many contributions to the development of Jazz.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By the end of World War I, Black Americans were facing their lowest point in history since slavery. Most of the blacks migrated to the northern states such as New York and Chicago. It was in New York where the â€Å"Harlem Renaissance† was born. This movement with jazz was used to rid of the restraints held against African Americans. One of the main reasons that jazz was so popular was that it allowed the performer to create the rhythm. With This in Mind performers realized that there could no... ...ty statement, some of the feelings and expressions that were used during the beginning of the era have diffused. With this jazz has become weaker, but well known. Jazz will always continue to have character. Jazz will always be art. Jazz will always have a story to tell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though Jazz has changed, the background behind it still inspires those today. Even though each artist has their particular style or expression, they all can agree that music is art. They can all agree that Music is emotions and feelings. Through the years, just as all things do, Jazz and Bebop have grown and flourished across America and the World. All in all Jazz for African Americans opened the doors in America, jazz alone opened doors and ears all across the Earth. Sources cited Http://www.acns.nwu.edu/jazz/styles/bebop.html: Net Zero. 6-2-02 Http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/4722/jazz.html: Net Zero. 6-2-02 Http://www.kennyg.com/biography.html: Net Zero 6-2-02 Http://library.thinkquest.org/26656/english/music.html: Net Zero. 6-2-02 Wintz, Cary D. The Harlem Renaissance. Houston Texas: Rice University Press, 1988 Http://www.wshs.fcps.k12.va.us/projects/im98/im981/jaz.htm: Net Zero 6-2-02

Geothermal Energy: A General Overview with Specific Reference to the Long Valley Caldera :: Energy Geothermal Papers

Geothermal Energy: A General Overview with Specific Reference to the Long Valley Caldera Introduction Geothermal energy is a process that uses heated groundwater to turn turbines that produce electricity. The water is warmed by the earth's natural heat. Geothermal energy was first developed by Count Lardarel of Lardarello, Tuscany in 1827 (Geothermal.marin). Since then many other countries have developed geothermal technology, yet it is a resource that remains mostly untapped. As the need to find alternative fuel sources grows, geothermal energy becomes an interesting option for potential future energy production. Geothermal energy production involves a complex set of issues. First it is important to place geothermal energy in context of today's energy needs. Currently, one of the ongoing dilemmas of energy use is the worldwide allocation of resources and general rate of consumption. Within this essay, I will illustrate a brief history of energy use and development. Geothermal energy can only be produced in particular geological settings. Only areas with recent volcanic activity can produce the heat needed for geothermal production. Therefore, a basic understanding of tectonic plate movement and volcanology is required to understand the production of geothermal energy. I intend to give a general background on the geological settings necessary for the production of geothermal energy production. Lastly, I will center on one region in particular, namely the Long Valley Caldera in California. This is an area that is saturated with historical and present volcanic activity. The recent volcanic activity makes it an area that is perfect for geothermal energy production. I will discuss in particular the Mammoth Pacific plant that operates in Mammoth Lakes. What is Geothermal Energy? The production of geothermal energy is a way of utilizing heat that is created by volcanic activity to produce electricity. Within a geothermal system, ground water is heated by magma chambers to temperatures as high as 450 degrees Fahrenheit. However, the temperature of the water depends on the geothermal gradient. A gradient signifies how deep below the surface the heated water is. The deeper down the water is in the earth, the hotter it will be (this is called a steep geothermal gradient). The water either reaches the surface of the earth naturally in the form of geysers, fumaroles, or hot springs; or it must be drilled.

Medical Tourism On Public Health Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionSurveies on wellness related mobility have long paid attending to the migration of patients from less developed states to industrialised states in hunt of wellness services that are unavailable in their state of beginning ( Paffhausen, et al. , 2010 ) . Recently, motion in the opposite way, which is referred to as medical touristry, has captured the involvement of the media ( Horowitz, et al. , 2007 ) . Medical touristry describes the phenomenon of citizens from extremely developed states going to states at variable degrees of development for world-class but low-cost medical services that are non available in their ain communities ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Woodman, 2007 ) . Unlike wellness touristry which is by and large viewed as a pleasure-oriented touristry affecting gratifying and restful activities ( Pollock & A ; Williams, 2000 ; Bennett, et al. , 2004 ) , medical touristry is distinguished from wellness touristry by the earnestness of unwellness and the degree of physical intercession required ( Hendersen, 2004 ; Carrera & A ; Bridges, 2006 ; Connell, 2006 ) . In this regard, Hendersen ( 2004, p.113 ) defines medical touristry as a pattern that ‘incorporates wellness showing, hospitalization, and surgical operations ‘ . This essay will concentrate the treatment on a figure of medical touristry issues with mention to economic theory including market drivers and determiners of demand for medical touristry, the crowding-out and crowding-in effects of medical touristry on public wellness of hosting states. The essay begins with the market drivers and determiners of demand for medical touristry. This will be followed by treatment of the ability of medical touristry in bettering public wellness – the crowding-in consequence. The essay will so discourse the crowding-out consequence of medical touristry – the fact that national resources are diverted from public heath to more profitable private services for international patients.Market drivers and determiners of demand for medical touristryAlthough medical touristry is an emerging industry ( Hopkins, et al. , 2010 ; Paffhausen, 2010 ) , the industry itself has grown dramatically over the past decennary ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Paffhausen, 2010 ) . The rapid growing of the planetary medical touristry industry is facilitated by the important addition in demand for cross-border medical interventions which is fuelled by a figure of factors such as high wellness attention costs, expensive insurance premiums, long waiting l ists, and high income in developed states ( Horowitz & A ; Rosensweig, 2007 ; Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Health attention costs are a push and a pull of demand for medical touristry 1There is incompatibility in the value of monetary value snap of demand for wellness attention among different surveies and different medical services. For physician services, Lee and Hadley ( 1981 ) found that monetary value snap of demand is about -2.8 to -5.07, while in the survey of McCarthy ( 1985 ) the value was -3.07 to -3.26. At hospital degree, monetary value snap of demand for wellness attention is smaller, runing from -0.8 for patient yearss to -1.1 for admittances ( Feldman & A ; Dowd, 1986 ) . Rosett and Huang ( 1973 ) found that outgo for wellness attention is sensitive to monetary value, with monetary value snap of -0.35 to -1.5. Although different surveies yield different Numberss and different groups of people may hold different degree of sensitiveness to monetary value, these surveies tell us the same narrative: demand for wellness attention is monetary value elastic. Health attention market faces high monetary value snap of demand and patients are sensitive to price1 ( Rosett & A ; Huang, 1973 ; Lee & A ; Hadley, 1981 ; McCarthy, 1985 ; Feldman & A ; Dowd, 1986 ) . In fact, the primary ground why people travel in hunt of wellness attention is monetary value considerations ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to microeconomic theory, as wellness attention costs rise, the demand for wellness attention would diminish as a consequence ( McPake & A ; Normand, 2008 ; Folland, et al. , 2010 ) . As a rational economic person, in the attempt to minimise costs of wellness attention and maximise public-service corporation, the patient has become a medical tourer ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Like other trade goods, monetary value is one of the most of import determiners of measure demanded for wellness attention ( McPake & A ; Normand, 2008 ; Folland, et al. , 2010 ) . Rising wellness attention costs in place scenes and significantly lower monetary values of medical interventions in finish states are playing as a push and a pull severally of demand for medical touristry ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . In the United States ( US ) , for illustration, it is estimated that the national wellness outgo has raised by 43.5 % from $ 1.3 trillion in 2003 to $ 2.8 trillion in 2008, of which 12 % ( $ 278 million ) was from personal payments ( US Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2008 ) . This go oning addition in heath outgo exacts a great toll on wellness attention consumers. A survey by Himmelstein ( 2009 ) reveals that in 2007, over 62.1 % of all bankruptcies in the US were medical, and wellness attention costs have become the fastest turning constituent of Americans ‘ market basket. As a consequence, patients are pushed to go to where their demand can be met with low-cost monetary values to increase public-service corporation. With the lifting wellness attention costs in industrialised states, high quality services at important lower monetary values in developing states have become the inducement for patients seeking interventions abroad. Harmonizing to Deloitte ( 2008 ) , medical services in India, Thailand, Singapore can be every bit low as 10 % of those in the US, while other surveies reveals that the costs in some medical touristry finishs can be 30 % -70 % cheaper than those that medical tourers have to pay in their states ( Mugomba & A ; Danell, 2007 cited in Paffhausen, 2010 ) . The cost that includes airfare and holiday bundle of a bosom valve replacing surgery, for illustration, is merely $ 10,000 in India, while it costs $ 200,000 in the US ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Hospitals in Singapore charge $ 18,000 for a knee replacing with a six twenty-four hours in-patient intervention which would be a patient $ 30,000 in the US ( Herrick, 2007 ) . World-class medical interventions with significan tly cheaper monetary values in developing states have been drawing the possible wellness attention consumers in developed states to prosecute interventions overseas ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Insurance coverage, waiting clip, and income Econometric patterning on heath attention ingestion behavior suggests that insurance coverage, deductibles, and co-payments are among the variables of the demand map for wellness attention with negative correlativity coefficients ( Folland, et al. , 2010 ) . High wellness insurance premiums means people tend to purchase low-budget programs that merely cover a little basket of heath services or people may take non to purchase insurance ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . It is estimated that over 46 million Americans are uninsured, doing nest eggs on medical processs abroad more attractive ( Starr & A ; Fernandopulle, 2005 ; Milstein & A ; Smith, 2006 ) . In add-on, high deductibles and co-payment sometimes make the cost of wellness attention out of range of patients even though they have insurance ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Given demand for wellness attention is infinite and patient ‘s income is finite, it is non surprising to see people going to seek medical interventions outside their states ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . In states where there is a national health care plan such as Canada and the United Kingdom, waiting clip is the figure one barrier to entree to wellness attention ( Statistics Canada, 2005 ; Horowitz, et al. , 2007 ; Turner, 2007 ) . A recent survey finds that Canadians wait an norm of 8.4 hebdomads for General Practitioner ‘s referral to a specializer and delay another 9.5 hebdomads for intervention ( Asia Pacific Post, 2005 cited in Conrady & A ; Buck, 2008 ) . When a waiting list for a peculiar process is excessively long, the patients, particularly those who have high clip monetary values, may be willing to short-circuit the free services offered at place and travel abroad to hold a timely intervention and accomplish satisfaction Oklahoman ( Hopkins, 2010 ) . An extra factor that fuels medical touristry demand is income. Harmonizing to microeconomic theory, the more disposable income a individual has, the more it is available for ingestion, including the ingestion of wellness services ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Pindyck & A ; Rubinfeld, 2009 ) . Therefore, high income translates into the possibility of purchasing more wellness and preventative medical specialty ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) .Medical touristry and public wellness: crowding-in consequenceMedial touristry has become one of the most of import national economic activities thanks to the advantages it provides to hosting states ( UNESCAP, 2009 ) . The advantages such as economic addition, improved medical substructure and external encephalon drain decrease enable medical touristry to better and spread out public wellness, which is known as the crowding-in consequence of medical touristry ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Available information reveals that the planetary medical touristry industry generated about $ 60 billion in grosss in 2008 and the figure is projected to be $ 188 billion by the terminal of 2010 ( Deloitte, 2008 ) . Through cross-subsidization, the ensuing grosss can be reinvested in public wellness which consequences in increased entree, greater coverage, and improved quality of wellness attention for the local population ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Hopkins, 2010 ) . Cross-subsidization can besides take the signifier of sharing infirmary beds, heath professionals, and medical substructure ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Thailand, Argentina, and Malaysia, for illustration, have been utilizing telemedicine – a portion of technological invention associated with medical touristry – to supply wellness attention to advance parts ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Hence, the development of medical touristry, through macroeconomic redistribution policy, can heighten publi c heath and bring forth positive outwardness.Medical touristry and public wellness: crowding-out consequenceBing considered as a major stimulation of socioeconomic development through advancing medical touristry, private infirmaries have been having considerable subsidies from authorities ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ; UNESCAP, 2009 ) . Given scarce resource, such support may take away resources from public wellness attention. Promoting medical touristry besides diverts human resource off from public services to private sector where heath attention staff may have higher income and work in an international criterion environment ( Sen, 2008 ) . In Thailand, for illustration, 6,000 places in public wellness services are still remained unfilled as an addition figure of wellness attention forces is attracted by higher wage and better working environment in private sector ( Saniotis, 2008 ) . Private infirmaries in Malaysia employ 54 % of the state ‘s physicians while accounting fo r merely 20 % of entire infirmary beds ( Gross, 1999 ) . In India, 80 % of wellness outgo is now in the private sector, while about half of all Indian adult females still present their babes without medical attenders ( WHO Statistical Information System, 2006 ) . By concentrating national resources for international patients, the hosting state may put on the line denying its ain citizen just entree to care, and make a double market construction for wellness attention in which one section of high quality services is for aliens and the other of lower quality is for local patients ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . The ground underlying this polarisation is the tradeoff between the resources for public wellness and those for medical touristry ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Health attention for local population is crowded out as most of the resources are enticed off from local patients ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . This double market construction besides creates a state of affairs in which those who need less care normally acquire overtreatment while excepting the neediest 1s or cut downing their use ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) .DecisionMedical touristry refers to patients going from developed states to less developed or developing stat es for medical interventions. Medical touristry is market driven in which sky-rocketing wellness attention costs, expensive wellness insurance premiums, long waiting list at place are obliging grounds for patients from western states to seek cross-border interventions. Theoretical and empirical groundss prove that medical touristry crowds in public wellness thanks to the advantages it brings to destination states such as revenue enhancement grosss, decrease in encephalon drain and improved medical substructure. However, medical touristry besides crowds out public heath of finish states by taking resources off from public wellness services. For-profit private infirmaries could sabotage quality of attention at public wellness installations for local population. With higher wage and better working status at private installations, public wellness establishments may endure internal encephalon drain. Therefore, medical touristry has both positive and negative impacts on hosting states ‘ public wellness, and these effects should have equal attending they deserve.